Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: The HAKA Multicenter Retrospective Real-World Study.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic heart failure (HF) has high rates of mortality and hospitalization in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (aCKD). However, randomized clinical trials have systematically excluded aCKD population. We have investigated current HF therapy in patients receiving clinical care in specialized aCKD units. METHODS: The Heart And Kidney Audit (HAKA) was a cross-sectional and retrospective real-world study including outpatients with aCKD and HF from 29 Spanish centers. The objective was to evaluate how the treatment of HF in patients with aCKD complied with the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of HF, especially regarding the foundational drugs: renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi), angiotensin receptor blocker/neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), beta-blockers (BBs), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). RESULTS: Among 5,012 aCKD patients, 532 (13%) had a diagnosis of HF. Of them, 20% had reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), 13% mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF), and 67% preserved EF (HFpEF). Only 9.3% of patients with HFrEF were receiving quadruple therapy with RASi/ARNI, BB, MRA, and SGLT2i, but the majority were not on the maximum recommended doses. None of the patients with HFrEF and CKD G5 received quadruple therapy. Among HFmrEF patients, approximately half and two-thirds were receiving RASi and/or BB, respectively, while less than 15% received ARNI, MRA, or SGLT2i. Less than 10% of patients with HFpEF were receiving SGLT2i. CONCLUSIONS: Under real-world conditions, HF in aCKD patients is sub-optimally treated. Increased awareness of current guidelines and pragmatic trials specifically enrolling these patients represent unmet medical needs.

Supervivencia y calidad de vida en pacientes ancianos en tratamiento renal conservador / Survival and quality of life in elderly patients in conservative management

Introducción: El tratamiento renal conservador (TRC) se ha convertido en una opción terapéutica en la enfermedad renal crónica avanzada en ancianos. Se sabe poco sobre la evolución pronóstica de estos pacientes en términos de supervivencia y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS). Objetivo: Establecer variables predictivas de mortalidad y analizar la CVRS en los pacientes en TRC. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio de cohortes prospectivo. Se realizó una valoración de parámetros de función renal y evaluación geriátrica integral: análisis de comorbilidad, situación funcional, cognitiva, fragilidad, nutricional, social y CVRS. Resultados: Se evaluaron 82 pacientes, con una edad media de 84 años e importante pluripatología: el 56% tenía antecedentes de evento vascular y Charlson > 8. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 23/1.000 pacientes-mes, con un ritmo de mortalidad homogéneo a partir de los 6 meses. La supervivencia difirió significativamente si presentaban evento vascular previo (36,7 vs. 14,8; p = 0,028), Charlson ≥10 (42 vs. 17; p = 0,002), grado de dependencia (48,4 vs. 19; p = 0,002) y fragilidad (27 vs. 10; p = 0,05). Fueron predictores de mortalidad: eFG y proteinuria, presencia de evento vascular previo, comorbilidad de Charlson, parámetros de malnutrición-inflamación (albúmina y puntuación MNA), grado de dependencia, CVRS física y aumento de PTH. La presencia de evento vascular previo, comorbilidad, albúmina descendida y elevación de PTH fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad. La CVRS se mantuvo estable y no se produjo empeoramiento significativo durante el tratamiento. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de los factores asociados con mortalidad y la evaluación de la CVRS puede ser útil como herramienta en la toma de decisiones en TRC. La presencia de evento vascular previo, comorbilidad, albúmina disminuida y el aumento de PTH fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad

Introduction: Conservative Management (CM) has become a therapeutic option in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in the elderly. However, there is a lack of evidence about prognosis of these patients in terms of survival and health related quality of life (HRQoL). Objective: Establish predictive variables associated with mortality and analyse HRQoL in CM patients. Patients and methods: Prospective cohort study. An assessment of renal function parameters and a comprehensive geriatric assessment were made, including: analysis of comorbidity, functional, cognitive, fragility, nutritional, social and HRQoL status. Results: 82 patients with a mean age of 84 years and significant pluripathology were studied: 56% had history of vascular event and Charlson > 8. The mortality rate was 23/1,000 patients per month, with a homogeneous mortality rate after 6 months. Survival differed significantly depending on whether they presented with a previous vascular event (36.7 vs. 14.8; p = 0.028), Charlson score ≥10 (42 vs. 17; p = 0.002), functional status (48.4 vs. 19; p = 0.002) and fragility (27 vs. 10; p = 0.05). Mortality predictors included eGFR and proteinuria, the presence of previous vascular events, Charlson comorbidity score, malnutrition-inflammation parameters (albumin and MNA score), degree of dependency, physical HRQoL and increase of PTH level. The presence of previous vascular event, comorbidity, decreased albumin and elevated PTH were independent predictors of mortality. HRQoL remained stable over time and no significant worsening occurred during treatment. Conclusions: Having knowledge of the factors associated with mortality and HRQoL assessment can be a useful tool to helping decision making during CM. Previous vascular events, comorbidity, decreased albumin and increased PTH were independent predictors of mortality

Survival and quality of life in elderly patients in conservative management. / Supervivencia y calidad de vida en pacientes ancianos en tratamiento renal conservador.

INTRODUCTION: Conservative Management (CM) has become a therapeutic option in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in the elderly. However, there is a lack of evidence about prognosis of these patients in terms of survival and health related quality of life (HRQoL). OBJECTIVE: Establish predictive variables associated with mortality and analyse HRQoL in CM patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study. An assessment of renal function parameters and a comprehensive geriatric assessment were made, including: analysis of comorbidity, functional, cognitive, fragility, nutritional, social and HRQoL status. RESULTS: 82 patients with a mean age of 84 years and significant pluripathology were studied: 56% had history of vascular event and Charlson >8. The mortality rate was 23/1,000 patients per month, with a homogeneous mortality rate after 6 months. Survival differed significantly depending on whether they presented with a previous vascular event (36.7 vs. 14.8; p=0.028), Charlson score ≥10 (42 vs. 17; p=0.002), functional status (48.4 vs. 19; p=0.002) and fragility (27 vs. 10; p=0.05). Mortality predictors included eGFR and proteinuria, the presence of previous vascular events, Charlson comorbidity score, malnutrition-inflammation parameters (albumin and MNA score), degree of dependency, physical HRQoL and increase of PTH level. The presence of previous vascular event, comorbidity, decreased albumin and elevated PTH were independent predictors of mortality. HRQoL remained stable over time and no significant worsening occurred during treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Having knowledge of the factors associated with mortality and HRQoL assessment can be a useful tool to helping decision making during CM. Previous vascular events, comorbidity, decreased albumin and increased PTH were independent predictors of mortality.

Riesgo de mortalidad asociado a enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 durante un seguimiento de 13 años / Risk of mortality associated to chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 13-year follow-up

Objetivos: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la influencia de la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG) y de la excreción de albúmina urinaria (EAU) sobre el riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Material y métodos: Estudio de cohortes prospectivo con inclusión de pacientes con DM2. El punto final clínico fue mortalidad total. La TFG se midió en ml/min/1,73 m2 con estratificación en 3 categorías (≥60; 45-59; <45) y la EAU en mg/24h con estratificación también en 3 categorías (<30; 30-300; >300). Se evaluaron las tasas de mortalidad por cada 1.000 pacientes/año y, mediante regresión de Cox, el riesgo de mortalidad asociado con las categorías de TFG y EAU. El poder predictivo se midió con el estadístico C de Harrell. Resultados: Se incluyó a 453 pacientes (39,3% varones, edad 64,9 [DE 9,3] años y evolución de DM2 10,4 [DE 7,5] años). Durante una mediana de 13 años de seguimiento, la tasa de mortalidad total fue de 39,5/1.000, con incremento progresivo ante descenso de la TFG y aumento de la EAU (p < 0,001). En análisis multivariante la EAU (HR30-300 = 1,02 y HR>300 = 2,83; chi2 = 11,6; p = 0,003) y la TFG (HR45-59 = 1,34 y HR<45= 1,84; chi2 = 6,4; p = 0,041) fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad sin interacción significativa. La inclusión de TFG y EAU mejoró la capacidad predictiva de los modelos (C de Harrell 0,741 vs. 0,726; p = 0,045). Conclusiones: La TFG y la EAU son predictores independientes de mortalidad en pacientes con DM2, sin interacción significativa (AU)

Objective: Our aim was to assess the usefulness of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) to predict the risk of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and methods: This is a prospective cohort study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical end-point was mortality rate. GFR was measured in ml/min/1.73 m2 and stratified in 3 categories (≥60; 45-59; <45); UAE was measured in mg/24 hours and was also stratified in 3 categories (<30; 30-300; >300). Mortality rates were reported per 1000 patient years. Cox regression models were used to predict mortality risk associated with combined GFR and UAE. The predictive power was estimated with C-Harrell statistic. Results: A total of 453 patients (39.3% males), aged 64.9 (SD 9.3) years were included; mean diabetes duration was 10.4 (SD 7.5) years. Median follow-up was 13 years. Total mortality rate was 39.5/1000. The progressive increase in mortality in the successive categories of GFR and UAE was statistically significant (P<.001). In a multivariable analysis, UAE (HR30- 300 = 1.02 and HR> 300 = 2.83; X2 = 11.6; P =.003) and GFR (HR45-59 = 1.34 and HR< 45=1.84; X2 = 6.4; P =.041) were independent predictors for mortality, with no significant interaction. Simultaneous inclusion of GFR and UAE improved the predictive power of models (C-Harrell 0.741 vs. 0.726; P =.045). Conclusions: GFR and UAE are independent predictors for mortality in type 2 diabetic patients and do not show a statistically significant interaction (AU)

Risk of mortality associated to chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 13-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the usefulness of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) to predict the risk of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical end-point was mortality rate. GFR was measured in ml/min/1.73 m2 and stratified in 3 categories (≥60; 45-59; <45); UAE was measured in mg/24hours and was also stratified in 3 categories (<30; 30-300; >300). Mortality rates were reported per 1000 patient-years. Cox regression models were used to predict mortality risk associated with combined GFR and UAE. The predictive power was estimated with C-Harrell statistic. RESULTS: A total of 453 patients (39.3% males), aged 64.9 (SD 9.3) years were included; mean diabetes duration was 10.4 (SD 7.5) years. Median follow-up was 13 years. Total mortality rate was 39.5/1000. The progressive increase in mortality in the successive categories of GFR and UAE was statistically significant (P<.001). In a multivariable analysis, UAE (HR30-300=1.02 and HR>300=2.83; X2=11.6; P =.003) and GFR (HR45-59=1.34 and HR<45=1.84; X2=6.4; P =.041) were independent predictors for mortality, with no significant interaction. Simultaneous inclusion of GFR and UAE improved the predictive power of models (C-Harrell 0.741 vs. 0.726; P =.045). CONCLUSIONS: GFR and UAE are independent predictors for mortality in type 2 diabetic patients and do not show a statistically significant interaction.

Hidden sources of phosphorus: presence of phosphorus-containing additives in processed foods.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: An increased consumption of processed foods that include phosphorus-containing additives has led us to propose the following working hypothesis: using phosphate-rich additives that can be easily absorbed in processed foods involves a significant increase in phosphorus in the diet, which may be considered as hidden phosphorus since it is not registered in the food composition tables. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The quantity of phosphorus contained in 118 processed products was determined by spectrophotometry and the results were contrasted with the food composition tables of the Higher Education Centre of Nutrition and Diet, those of Morandeira and those of the BEDCA (Spanish Food Composition Database) Network. RESULTS: Food processing frequently involves the use of phosphoric additives. The products whose label contains these additives have higher phosphorus content and higher phosphorus-protein ratio. We observed a discrepancy with the food composition tables in terms of the amount of phosphorus determined in a sizeable proportion of the products. The phosphorus content of prepared refrigerated foods hardly appears in the tables. CONCLUSIONS: Product labels provide little information on phosphorus content. We observed a discrepancy in phosphorus content in certain foods with respect to the food composition tables. We should educate our patients on reviewing the additives on the labels and on the limitation of processed foods. There must be health policy actions to deal with the problem: companies should analyse the phosphorus content of their products, display the correct information on their labels and incorporate it into the food composition tables. Incentives could be established to prepare food with a low phosphorus content and alternatives to phosphorus-containing additives.

Riesgo de morbimortalidad cardiovascular según el tiempo de evolución de la diabetes tipo 2 / Morbidity and mortality cardiovascular risk in dependence of type 2 diabetes duration

Introducción: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar si el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad puede ayudar a discriminar el riesgo vascular en la diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). Métodos: Estudio de cohortes prospectivo con inclusión de pacientes con DM2. Se siguieron hasta la aparición de un episodio de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV), hasta su fallecimiento o hasta la fecha de cierre en 2012. Los pacientes se clasificaron en 5 grupos: grupo 1: ≤ 5 años de evolución sin ECV inicial; grupo 2: 6-10 años sin ECV; grupo 3: 11-15 años sin ECV; grupo 4: > 15 años sin ECV; grupo 5: cualquier tiempo de evolución con ECV inicial. Las tasas se expresan por cada 1.000 pacientes-año. La comparación de tasas se realizó mediante análisis de Kaplan-Meier y Log Rank Test. La contribución del tiempo de evolución se evaluó mediante regresión de Cox. Resultados: Se incluyeron 457 pacientes (38,9% varones), con edad media de 64,9 (DE 9,3) años y tiempo de evolución de la DM2 de 10,5 (DE 7,6) años. Se produjeron 125 episodios durante una mediana de seguimiento de 12,3 años. Hubo un incremento progresivo de las tasas de ECV desde los grupos 1 al 5 (grupo 1: 14,1; grupo 2: 18,3; grupo 3: 19,6; grupo 4: 32,9; grupo 5: 53,5; p < 0,0001, tendencia lineal). Una duración de la DM2 > 15 años duplicó el riesgo de ECV (HR = 1,97; IC 95%: 1,23-3,15; p = 0,004). Conclusiones: Consideramos útil tener en cuenta la duración conocida de la enfermedad a la hora de estratificar el riesgo vascular de los pacientes con DM

Introduction: This study was aimed to assess the prognostic importance of diabetes duration to predict cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: Prospective cohort study with inclusion of type 2 diabetic patients. Follow-up lasted until the appearance of a cardiovascular event, until death or until 2012. Patients were classified into 5 groups in accordance to diabetes duration and baseline cardiovascular disease (CVD): group 1: ≤ 5 years without CVD; group 2: 6-10 years without CVD; group 3: 11-15 years without CVD; group 4: > 15 years without CVD; group 5: baseline CVD independently of diabetes duration. CVD rates were expressed per 1000 patients-year and compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Log Rank Test. The predictive power of diabetes duration was evaluated by Cox regression. Results: 457 patients, aged 64.9 (DE 9.3) years (38.9% males), were included. Diabetes duration in order to stratify cardiovascular risk of type2 diabetic patients

[Morbidity and mortality cardiovascular risk in dependence of type 2 diabetes duration]. / Riesgo de morbimortalidad cardiovascular según el tiempo de evolución de la diabetes tipo 2.

INTRODUCTION: This study was aimed to assess the prognostic importance of diabetes duration to predict cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Prospective cohort study with inclusion of type 2 diabetic patients. Follow-up lasted until the appearance of a cardiovascular event, until death or until 2012. Patients were classified into 5 groups in accordance to diabetes duration and baseline cardiovascular disease (CVD): group 1: ≤ 5 years without CVD; group 2: 6-10 years without CVD; group 3: 11-15 years without CVD; group 4: >15 years without CVD; group 5: baseline CVD independently of diabetes duration. CVD rates were expressed per 1000 patients-year and compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Log Rank Test. The predictive power of diabetes duration was evaluated by Cox regression. RESULTS: 457 patients, aged 64.9 (DE 9.3) years (38.9% males), were included. Diabetes duration was 10.5 (DE 7.6) years. 125 cardiovascular events occurred during 12.3 years follow-up. Cardiovascular event rates were progressively increased from groups 1 to 5 (group 1: 14.1; group 2: 18.3; group 3: 19.6; group 4: 32.9; group 5: 53.5; p<0.0001, linear tendency). Diabetes duration superior to 15 years significantly increased cardiovascular risk of the patients (HR=1.97; 95%CI: 1.23-3.15; P=.004). CONCLUSIONS: It could be useful to consider diabetes duration in order to stratify cardiovascular risk of type 2 diabetic patients.